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This article is part of our exclusive IEEE Journal Watch series in partnership with IEEE Xplore.
Diabetes is a very common disease that affects About 10% of the U.S. population. According to the World Health Organization, 422 million people worldwide have diabetes. To manage the disease, people must have their blood sugar levels checked several times a day, which often requires a finger prick and can be burdensome and painful.
In recent years, a number of non-invasive, wearable devices for measuring blood glucose have hit the market, but these are often expensive and still rely on direct sampling and interaction with blood . However, a newly designed electronic nose (e-nose) that measures blood sugar levels based on a person’s breathing could offer a different non-invasive, low-cost solution for diabetics. The research on the electronic nose is described in an article published June 7 in IEEE Sensors Journal.
The electronic nose is a device that detects and analyzes chemicals in the air in real time to determine the properties of the substance at hand. They are designed for a wide range of tasks, including sniffing out premium whisky, monitoring crops and detecting lung cancer, among others.
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Qiliang Li, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at George Mason University, is interested in developing a similar technique to measure blood sugar levels in a person’s breath. While glucose is not exhaled in the breath, the concentration of acetone and other ketones in the exhaled breath has been linked to metabolic conditions, including diabetes.
Li said: “In order to reduce the pain and danger for patients, we have developed an electronic nose device for non-invasive, painless, low-cost and frequent diabetes testing. “The electronic nose is designed to recognize the ‘smell’ of exhaled breath that contains certain levels of acetone and other ketones. Therefore, smell is an indicator of glucose levels in the blood.
The electronic nose designed by Li’s team contains an array of 12 different chemical sensors and a microprocessor. When the electronic nose smells exhaled breath, the chemical sensor sends an electronic response to the microprocessor, which processes the signal into digital information. Xiangdong Zhou, a professor of respiratory medicine at Nanjing Medical University in China, who also participated in the study, explained: “The electronic nose will use our database to analyze the digital information and give the correct blood sugar level figures.”
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In their study, the researchers collected breath samples from 41 study participants with varying blood sugar levels and used the data to train an electronic nose with a series of machine learning algorithms until they found a A combination of models, the model can detect blood glucose levels in human breath with 90.4% accuracy and an average error of 0.69 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) in blood glucose concentrations.
Li notes that while the system doesn’t directly measure blood sugar levels — the current gold standard form of measurement — it also has several advantages. He said: “The new electronic nose enables non-invasive, painless, low-cost measurement of blood sugar levels. It is designed to closely monitor blood sugar levels in people with diabetes, especially those with hyperglycemia and those with type 1 diabetes who often require insulin medication. “
Next, Li said, the team is interested in designing a new chip for chemical sensor arrays to make more precise electronic noses. In addition, he said, “We plan to recruit more patients with different body mass index (BMI), lifestyle and dietary habits for testing, and build a comprehensive database of exhalation and blood glucose levels.”
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