Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) worldwide On the rise, nutritional interventions can control the hepatic and cardiometabolic complications of NAFLD. This article mainly summarizes the associations between different dietary patterns, obesity and NAFLD prevention/risk to assess the impact of specific dietary interventions on hepatic steatosis in adults with NAFLD.
Mediterranean dietary patterns: reducing NAFLD risk
Mediterranean diet (MD) >Dietary structure characteristics are: plant-based foods, including whole grains, beans, vegetables, fruits, nuts, etc.; moderate amounts of fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products, red meat A small amount of its products; edible oil is mainly olive oil; moderate drinking red wine. Its nutritional characteristics are: the energy supply ratio of fat is 25%-35%, the intake of saturated fatty acids is low (7%-8%), and the intake of unsaturated fatty acids is The amount is higher.
Two case-control studies and one cross-sectional study showed that even after adjusting for some confounders (eg, age, sex, diabetes, physical activity, etc.) , energy intake, smoking, and supplement use), highMD adherence and NAFLDprevalence< /strong>There is also an inverse correlation between rates. Increased intake of nuts, fruits and vegetables, legumes and fish, and decreased meat intake have been reported to prevent NAFLD.
Healthy Eating Patterns: Lowering NAFLD Risk
Healthy Dietary patterns were defined as: Appropriate intake of fruits and vegetables, nuts, olive oil, low-fat dairy products, and fish. MD is an example of a healthy eating pattern, but there are other specific healthy eating patterns as well.
Two prospective studies, four case-control studies, and three cross-sectional studies showed that healthy eating patterns were significantly associated with NAFLD risk reduction was associated with independent of several confounders added to the model. In a study by Chung et al., a “simple dietary pattern” characterized by high intake of root and yellow vegetables, fruits, dairy products, eggs, and nuts also showed a negative association with NAFLD.
Western dietary patterns: increased risk of NAFLD
Despite Definitions of Western dietary patterns vary, but are typically characterized by large intakes of soft drinks, red and processed meats, and refined grains, along with high intakes of fish, fruits and vegetables, and whole grains Lower. Thus, this diet is characterized by high intakes of animal and trans fats, sugars and fructose, and low intakes of fiber and phytochemicals. According to research observations, when excessiveintakewestern diet< /strong>, increased hepatic steatosis, even for a short period of 1 week. A meta-analysis found that Western dietary patterns increased the risk of NAFLD by 56%.
Traditional Eating Patterns: Varies by Region or Country
< span>Traditional DietPatternMay vary by region or country . Because this pattern includes different proportions of healthy and unhealthy foods, different studies have shown that this pattern has different effects on NAFLD risk. Among them, traditional Chinese food (staple food, whole grains, fruits, eggs, fish and shrimp, milk and tea)and NAFLD Risk is irrelevant.
Table of Summary: Dietary Recommendations for NAFLD Patients by Guidelines
Lifestyle modifications, including dietary modifications, weight loss, and structured exercise/physical interventions, are first-line and cornerstone treatments for NAFLD. Table 1 summarizes the guidelines for dietary treatment recommendations for patients with NAFLD.
Table 1 Guidelines for Dietary Recommendations for NAFLD Patients
Note: EASL, European Society for the Study of the Liver; EASD, European Association for the Study of Diabetes; EASO, European Society for the Study of Obesity; ESPEN, European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism; AASLD, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; APASL, Asia Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver; MAFLD, Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease; AGA, American Gastroenterology Association; WGO, World Organization for Gastroenterology; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; IR, Insulin resistance; SFA, saturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid
References:
1. Ristic-Medic D, Bajerska J, Vucic V. Crosstalk between dietary patterns, obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28(27): 3314-3333.
2. Nutrition and Metabolism Management Branch of China Association for the Promotion of International Exchange of Healthcare, Chinese Nutrition Society Clinical Nutrition Branch, Chinese Medicine Chinese Society of Diabetes, et al. Guidelines for Medical Nutritional Treatment of Overweight/Obesity in China (2021) [J]. Frontiers in Chinese Medicine (Electronic Edition), 2021,13(11):1-55.