Before entering the main topic, the Secretary will ask you a few questions:
How far did the Red Army go on the Long March?
Twenty-five thousand miles.
How many members of the Red Army’s Long March?
Eighty-six thousand.
What are they called?
…
Everyone has their own blind spots. If you evaluate any earthling from multiple perspectives, the director can tell you that everyone is stupid.
Image source: Zhanku Hailuo
Do not believe it? Come again!
Do you know the ratio of rocket fuel?
Do you know how to surgically separate a cat’s thymus?
Or a simpler one-Do you know how steel is made?
You don’t know.
Don’t say you don’t know, neither does the Director…
The director, who is so insightful in the soul, is often fooled when he buys vegetables – he took spinach home and told my mother that the old man in the vegetable market said it was cabbage.
Bad!
Some people are different. They “know everything”.
Or rather, things they don’t understand don’t delay them from feeling they understand.
What is the ratio of rocket fuel, you have to burn coal! The best is the anthracite in Datong!
Brother, you are so confident!
When encountering such a person, the director suggests that you send him two famous quotes, preferably in English:
The fool is wise and the wise is fool.
A fool thinks himself to be wise, but a wise man knows himself to be a fool.
——Shakespeare
Ignorance is more likely to generate confidence than knowledge.
Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge.
—— Charles Darwin
From a psychological point of view, this unrealistic “honey-sufficient confidence” can be explained, and that is the “Dak effect”.
What is the Dak effect?
The D-K effect, also known as the Dunning-Kreuger effect, is a cognitive bias phenomenon. In other words, some people with low ability will have a false sense of superiority, always mistakenly believe that they are better than the real situation, and often overestimate themselves[1].
It is not difficult to see from the following picture that the relationship between a person’s knowledge and experience and the degree of self-confidence is very subtle-
People with low levels of knowledge and experience tend to be very self-confident, but in reality, they are just exalting themselves in the mountains of ignorancelarge;
Only by constantly raising awareness and accumulating experience, can you escape the mountain of ignorance. But this period requires hard work, overcoming the bottom of despair, and climbing the slope of enlightenment, in order to finally enter a stable plateau and reach a new height in life.
(Image source: Tencent Medical Code self-made)
Actually, the psychological effect itself is pretty fun. It was proposed by David Dunning of Cornell University and Justin Kruger of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and won the Ig Nobel Prize for Psychology in 2000.
Why is such a plausible discovery “funny”? Not because it’s unscientific, but a bit too straightforward, like a “correct nonsense”.
But there is no way, no matter how nonsense, some people still don’t understand it. For example, this person-
A stupid criminal
In 1995, a man named MacArthur Wheeler in Pittsburgh, USA, without any disguise, robbed two banks in broad daylight and was arrested.
Police are puzzled by this IQ challenge. During the interrogation, Wheeler was very dissatisfied and said: “I obviously smeared lemon juice on my face and should not be seen.”
Don’t laugh, there’s a real science behind what he says: The acidity of lemon juice allows it to act as invisible ink. Writing with lemon juice will oxidize and turn brown when exposed to heat, revealing the message. But as long as it is not close to the heat source, the writing will not appear.
So, put lemon juice on your face, and if you don’t carry an ice maker with you, you can’t achieve stealth. (I can’t bring it either!!!)
Image source: Zhanku Hailuo
It was this case that caught Daning’s attention. He and his students devised a test that asked professional comedians to rate the fun of 30 jokes, and then asked 65 college students to rate them to compare how well college students agreed with professional comedians’ perceptions of themselves and their self-esteem. Evaluation.
Interestingly, people who performed well on the test thought their abilities were mediocre, while those who performed mediocre on the test thought they were above average and had the most inaccurate self-assessment .
Danin’s team conducted repeated experiments, including logical reasoning, grammar, movement and other tests, and they all got the same answer.
In 1999, Danin published his research in the journal Personality and Social Psychology, titled “Incompetence and Ignorance: How Cognitive Difficulty with One’s Incompetence Leads to Unwarranted Ego.”
The core conclusion of the paper is that the vast majority of people feel good about their abilities in various fields of knowledge, but some people think they are extremely good and their self-confidence is bursting. This cognitive bias The phenomenon vividly explains the phenomenon of “the ignorant fearless”. Those who perform poorly are also not good at judging their own abilities[2].
It was this research that helped Danin win the Ig Nobel Prize—a serious award, usually awarded to research that is “hilarious at first glance, but thought-provoking” , is very realistic.
How to overcome the Dak effect
It seems that each of us has been dominated by the Dak effect to some extent. So how to get out of this state?
Please see the picture below-
(Keep learning and stay away from the Dak effect)
Specifically, First, keep an optimistic, cheerful and inclusive attitude, and don’t make subjective assumptions about things easily. It is recommended to keep learning and improving, and expand your knowledge. Fall into the trap of blind confidence. For example, read more books of various types in your life to understand everyone’s growth experience. In daily work, you should think more before making decisions and avoid being too impulsive.
Second, we should see more of the advantages of others, listen carefully to their opinions, and communicate actively. Know yourself correctly, dig deep into your own professional affairs, complete your own work steadfastly and earnestly, keep a humble mind towards non-professional things, do not make comments at will on things you do not understand, and gradually build your own knowledge and skills system.
The third thing is to fight with the masters. The so-called “three people must have my teacher”, choose people who are better than their own ability to learn, observe their words and deeds, and absorb nutrients from them.
When your circle of knowledge gets bigger and bigger and you come into contact with more and more unfamiliar fields, you will find that “you used to be so shallow”, and you will only be more low-key, Be humble and work harder to explore.
Reviewer: Shi Yingying| Psychotherapist, Hainan Branch, PLA General Hospital
References
[1]David Dunning. The DunningCKruger Effect[J]. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2011, 44:247-296.
[2] Gong Shui. Dak effect and impostor syndrome[J]. Censor Fengyun, 2017(17):40-41.
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