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Childhood Hypertension
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has become a “common disease”
Hypertension in children and adolescents is not only not uncommon, but has even become a “common disease” that seriously affects the health of children and adolescents.
According to the 2010 National Student Physical Fitness Survey Report, the prevalence of hypertension among primary and secondary school students in my country was 14.5%, and boys were higher than girls (16.1%). vs. 12.9%); and in 2015, the statistics showed that the prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents rose to 18.4%, of which 20.2% for boys and 16.3% for girls,
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That means,at least 3-4 out of every 20 kids have high blood pressure!
The results confirmed that about 30% to 40% of children had early changes in target organ damage when they were diagnosed with hypertension, mainly the configuration changes of the left ventricle.
In addition, high blood pressure in childhood may persist into adulthood, thereby increasing adult hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Risk of cardiovascular disease and kidney disease.
Therefore, early identification and control of hypertension in children is of great significance for the prevention of target organ damage in childhood and cardiovascular events in adulthood.
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Your child has these conditions
Be careful with high blood pressure< /span>
Hypertension in children and adolescents is divided into two categories based on etiology, includingessential hypertensionand secondary hypertension .
Essential hypertension is usually related to family history of hypertension, obesity and other factors, while secondary hypertension is mainly caused by other diseases. Such as renal parenchymal and renal vascular diseases, cardiovascular system diseases.
ChildrenIn these situations, parents should pay attention to blood pressure problems
Children are Premature babies
Baby born with low birth weight
Children with congenital heart disease
highFamily history of blood pressure disease
The child is overweight and obese
The child has type 2 diabetes, or high fasting blood sugar
The child has kidney disease
High-salt meals at home
Children who smoke, drink, or have secondhand smoke
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Children’s lack of exercise
Many mild children with essential hypertension only show a mild increase in blood pressure levels without specific clinical manifestations , usually discovered incidentally during routine blood pressure measurements during a physical examination. However, when blood pressure rises significantly or continues to rise, the following symptoms may occur, and parents must pay attention.
A child with these symptoms may have high blood pressure
dizziness, headache
Nosebleeds
Decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting
Blurred vision
tired
convulsions, hemiplegia, aphasia, coma
angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema
Image source: online video
In 2017, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued the Fourth Guideline on Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents Report”, the recommendations for the frequency of blood pressure measurement are:
Children should have blood pressure monitoring during the annual physical examination starting from the age of 3;
Children and adolescents with high risk factors (such as kidney disease, diabetes, obstruction or narrowing of the aortic arch, or who are taking drugs known to cause blood pressure-raising drugs), blood pressure should be measured at every visit;
other healthy children and adolescents need to 1 blood pressure measurement;
children under 3 years of age who are at risk for high blood pressure (such as preterm birth, Low birth weight infants, other neonatal complications requiring intensive care, congenital heart disease, recurrent urinary tract infections, family history of congenital kidney disease, solid organ transplantation, malignancy, use of drugs known to increase blood pressure, systemic diseases accompanied by hypertension, elevated intracranial pressure, etc.), blood measurement is required for each health check-up pressure.
During home daily monitoring, the following relatively simple standard can be used for evaluation. If it exceeds the standard value, it is recommended to Seek medical attention for clarification:
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Do These Things
Prevention of Essential Hypertension
Essential hypertension is more common than secondary hypertension, and in its Of these risk factors, obesity and excessive salt intake were the two most associated.
The traditional eating habit of heavy oil and heavy salt is causing children to be entangled in the “senile disease” of high blood pressure.
But luckily, we still have time to make a change!
Doing the following things can greatly reduce the probability of children suffering from essential hypertension.
reasonable diet
reduce the intake of sodium salt, high sugar and high fat foods, and reduce the consumption of carbonated beverages.
Source: Web Video >
The most important of these is limiting sodium intake.
The culprit behind high blood pressure is sodium in salt: blood Excessive sodium ions in the body can affect the body’s kidneys and circulatory system, damage blood vessels, and lead to increased blood pressure.
The World Health Organization recommends 2 grams of sodium per person per day (equivalent to 5 grams per day) Salt), salt intake of more than 5 grams / day, will increase the probability of suffering from high blood pressure.
In addition to sodium in table salt, there are many foods that contain high amounts of hidden sodium:Preserved foods< strong>:It’s all made with salt and is very high in sodium< span>Plums:100g Plums contain up to 5905mg of sodium< /span>dried tomatoes:100g of dried tomatoes contain up to 2095mg of sodiumbacon, bacon :100 grams of beef jerky contains 1967mg of sodium< span>shredded squid:100g squid Silk contains 1867mg of sodiumcheese:< /span>The sodium content of 100g of cheese is about 170 0mgsea crab:< /strong>An Alaskan king crab leg with 1436mg sodiumSoda cracker:100g of soda crackers contain 500mg of sodiumBaking Soda:One tablespoon of baking soda contains 1368mg sodium< /span>baking powder:One teaspoon of baking powder contains 530mg of sodiumsoup packs:A 5g soup contains approximately 1200mg of sodium span>Salad dressing, soy sauce:< span>The sodium content of a spoonful of soy sauce is 335mgAs shown above, it goes without saying that foods that are very salty have high sodium content, but some foods do not feel salty, but they contain high levels of sodium. Not low either.
So, don’t judge the sodium content of food by tasting the salty or not, it depends on the nutritional content of the food surface.
According to the recommendations of “Ten Core Information on Salt Reduction for Chinese Residents” , In 100 grams of solid food, the sodium content exceeds 600 mg; in 100 ml of liquid food, the sodium content exceeds 300 mg, which is a “high-sodium food”.
In addition, excessive sugar intake will damage the elasticity of human blood vessels and affect the balance of inorganic salts in the body.
Research shows that drinking one extra sugar-sweetened beverage increases diastolic blood pressure by 1.6mmHg and systolic blood pressure. 0.8mmHg higher. A daily intake of more than 355ml of sweet fruit juice or carbonated beverages can “pressurize” blood vessels. So, it’s okay to eat a couple of high-sodium and high-sugar snacks once in a while to satisfy your cravings, really don’t let your kids eat too much…
Control weight
There is a close relationship between obesity and childhood hypertension. About 50% of children with hypertension are accompanied by obesity; the incidence of hypertension in obese children 6 years later It is 4 to 5 times that of normal weight children. Therefore, parents should regularly measure their child’s weight and draw a growth curve to monitor the growth status. If the weight tends to exceed the upper limit of the normal range, the child should be allowed to exercise more and improve the diet to control the weight.
0-5 year old child weight growth graph, click to enlarge
6-12-year-old child’s weight and growth curve, click to enlargeParents can pass these two criteria Table, a simple way to determine whether a child is overweight: The child is overweight If the data exceeds the 97% point of the same age group, or the child’s weight curve fluctuates upwards by more than two curve intervals in a short period of time, there may be a risk of overweight or overfeeding.
Exercise in moderation
Controlling obesity through exercise can help Children should do more aerobic exercise to enhance cardiopulmonary function, including jogging, swimming, cycling, etc. It is advisable to sweat slightly. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends 60 minutes of daily activity. At the same time limit sitting time, long-term sitting such as watching TV, playing electronic products, etc. is one of the causes of hypertension in children and adolescents One. I didn’t expect that playing with mobile phones is not only eye-catching, but also easy to cause high blood pressure…
Sufficient sleep
Too little sleep time will cause the sympathetic nerves to excite and secrete some hormones that cause blood pressure to rise. Many people who often stay up late often have high blood pressure. Therefore, it is necessary for both parents and children to maintain enough sleep.
Keep away from secondhand smoke
The nicotine in tobacco can induce vascular endothelial dysfunction and increase the resistance of peripheral blood vessels, thereby further lead to an increase in blood pressure. For children, whether the mother is often exposed to second-hand smoke before birth, or is often exposed to second-hand smoke after birth, it will make the child more prone to high blood pressure.
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at the end < /p>
Although the incidence of hypertension in children is getting higher and higher, most of the children can gradually return to normal blood pressure by adjusting their living habits as described above.< /p>
Only when lifestyle changes have no significant effect on blood pressure reduction, or the child has clinical symptoms of hypertension, or has a history of diabetes, kidney disease, etc., or has target organs Short-term or long-term medication needs to be initiated when one of the conditions such as damage or grade 2 hypertension is reached.
Actually, less than 1% of children require long-term medication control
So parents don’t need to be too anxious, all we have to do is to take our children to adhere to a healthy lifestyle, which can not only prevent high blood pressure, but also allow children Lifetime benefits.
References:
1.AAP Publishes New Guidelines on Identifying and Treating High Blood Pressure in Children< /p>
2. Qi Huan, Zhang Qinghua, Chen Ting. Research status of hypertension in children and adolescents at home and abroad [J]. China Journal of Child Health, 2020,28(04):416-418+422. < /span>
3. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of hypertension in China (2018 revision)[J]. Chinese Journal of Cardiovascular Disease, 2019,24(01):24-56.
4.Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904
5. Fan Hui , Yan Yinkun, Mi Jie. Reference standard for sex, age-specific and height-specific blood pressure in Chinese children aged 3-17 years [J]. Chinese Journal of Hypertension, 2017, 25 (05) :428-435.
6. Pediatrics, Wang Weiping, Sun Kun, Chang Liwen, etc. July 2018 Ninth Edition of People’s Medical Publishing House
7.Dong B, Ma J, Wang HJ, et al. The association of overweight and obesity with blood pressure among Chinese children and adolescents[J]. Biomed Environ Sci, 2013, 26(6): 437-444.
8.Mcniece KL , Gupta-Malhotra M , Samuels J, et al. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Adolescents: Analysis of Risk by 2004 National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group Staging Criteria[J]. Hypertension, 2007, 50(2): 392-395.
9. Zhang Mingming, Mi Jie, Wang Li, et al. Longitudinal control survey of blood pressure in 412 children in Beijing after 18 years[ J]. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Pediatrics, 2006(3): 187-192.
10. Yanhui D , Jun M , Yi S , et al. Secular Trends in Blood Pressure and Overweight and Obesity in Chinese Boys and Girls Aged 7 to 17 Years From 1995 to 2014[J]. Hypertension, 2018.
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